Caterpillar Inc.

Caterpillar Inc.
Type Public
Traded as NYSECAT
Dow Jones Industrial Average Component
S&P 500 Component
Industry Heavy equipment
Engines
Financial services
Predecessor C. L. Best Tractor Company
Holt Manufacturing Company
Founded California, United States (April 15, 1925 (1925-04-15))
Headquarters Peoria, Illinois, United States
Area served Worldwide
Key people Douglas R. Oberhelman (Chairman and CEO)
Products
Services
Revenue US$ 42.588 billion (2010)
Operating income US$ 3.963 billion (2010)
Net income US$ 2.700 billion (2010)
Total assets US$ 64.020 billion (2010)
Total equity US$ 10.864 billion (2010)
Employees 132,239 (June 30, 2011)
Subsidiaries
Website www.caterpillar.com
References: [1][2][3][4][5]

Caterpillar Inc. (NYSECAT), also known as "CAT", designs, manufactures, markets and sells machinery and engines and sells financial products and insurance to customers via a worldwide dealer network.[2][3] Caterpillar is the world's largest manufacturer of construction and mining equipment, diesel and natural gas engines and industrial gas turbines.[2] With more than US$70 billion in assets, Caterpillar was ranked number one in its industry and number 44 overall in the 2009 Fortune 500.[6] Caterpillar stock is a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average.[7]

Caterpillar Inc. traces its origins to the 1925 merger of the Holt Manufacturing Company and the C. L. Best Tractor Company, creating a new entity, the California based Caterpillar Tractor Company.[8] In 1986, the company re-organized itself as a Delaware corporation under the current name, Caterpillar Inc.[3] Caterpillar's headquarters are located in Peoria, Illinois, United States.[1]

Caterpillar machinery is recognizable by its trademark "Caterpillar Yellow" livery and the "CAT" logo.[9]

Contents

History

In the late 1890s and early 1900s, competitors Daniel Best and Benjamin Holt individually experimented with ways to improve the traction of steam tractors used in farming California's Central Valley.

Origin of Caterpillar name

The steam tractors of the 1890s and early 1900s were extremely heavy, sometimes weighing 1,000 pounds (450 kg) per horsepower, and often sank into the rich, soft earth of the San Joaquin Valley Delta farmland surrounding Stockton, California. Benjamin Holt attempted to fix the problem by increasing the size and width of the wheels up to 7.5 feet (2.3 m) tall and 6 feet (1.8 m) wide, producing a tractor 46 feet (14 m) wide. But this also made the tractors increasingly complex, expensive and difficult to maintain.

Another solution considered was to lay a temporary plank road ahead of the steam tractor, but this was time-consuming, expensive, and interfered with earthmoving. Holt thought of wrapping the planks around the wheels. He replaced the wheels on a 40 horsepower (30 kW) Holt steamer, No. 77, with a set of wooden tracks bolted to chains. On Thanksgiving Day, November 24, 1904, he successfully tested the updated machine plowing the soggy delta land of Roberts Island.[10] Company photographer Charles Clements was reported to have observed that the tractor crawled like a caterpillar,[2] and Holt seized on the metaphor. "Caterpillar it is. That's the name for it!"[10] Some sources, though, attribute this name to British soldiers in July 1907.[11] Two years later Holt sold his first steam-powered tractor crawlers for US$5,500. Each side featured a track frame measured 30 inches (760 mm) high by 42 inches (1,100 mm) wide and were 9 feet (2.7 m) long. The tracks were 3 inches (76 mm) by 4 inches (100 mm) redwood slats.[10]

Holt received the first patent for a practical continuous track for use with a tractor on December 7, 1907 for his improved "Traction Engine" ("improvement in vehicles, and especially of the traction engine class; and included endless traveling platform supports upon which the engine is carried").[12]

Move to Peoria

In February 16, 1910,[13] Holt opened up a plant in East Peoria, Illinois, led by his nephew Pliny Holt. There Pliny met farm implement dealer Murray Baker who knew of an empty factory that had been recently built to manufacture farm implements and steam traction engines. Baker, who later became the first executive vice president of what became Caterpillar Tractor Company, wrote to Holt headquarters in Stockton and described the plant of the bankrupt Colean Manufacturing Co. of East Peoria, Illinois. On October 25, 1909, Pliny Holt purchased the factory,[14] and immediately began operations with 12 employees.[15] Holt incorporated it as the Holt Caterpillar Company, although he did not trademark the name Caterpillar until August 2, 1910.[13]

The addition of a plant in the Midwest, despite the hefty capital needed to retool the plant, proved so profitable that only two years later the company employed 625 people and was exporting tractors to Argentina, Canada, and Mexico.[16] Tractors were built in both Stockton and East Peoria.[17][18]

Use in World War I

Holt's track-type tractors play a support role in World War I. Even before the U.S. formally entered WWI, Holt had shipped 1,200 tractors to England, France and Russia for agricultural purposes. These governments, however, sent the tractors directly to the battlefront where the military put them to work hauling artillery and supplies.[19] When World War I broke out, the British War Office ordered a Holt tractor and put it through trials at Aldershot. The War Office was suitably impressed and chose it as a gun-tractor.[20] Over the next four years, the Holt tractor became a major artillery tractor, mainly used to haul medium guns like the 6-inch howitzer, the 60-pounder, and later the 9.2-inch howitzer.[21]

Holt tractors were also the inspiration for the development of the British tank, which profoundly altered ground warfare tactics.[10][22] Major Ernest Swinton, sent to France as an army war correspondent, very soon saw the potential of a track-laying tractor.[23]:116 Although the British later chose an English firm to build its first tanks, the Holt tractor became "one of the most important military vehicles of all time."[21]

Post-war challenges

Holt tractors had become well-known during World War I. Military contracts formed the major part of the company's production. When the war ended, Holt's planned expansion to meet the military's needs was abruptly terminated. The heavy-duty tractors needed by the military were unsuitable for farmers. The company's situation worsened when artillery tractors were returned from Europe, depressing prices for new equipment and Holt's unsold inventory of military tractors. The company struggled with the transition from wartime boom to peacetime bust. To keep the company afloat, they borrowed heavily.

C. L. Best Gas Tractor Company, formed by Clarence Leo Best in 1910 and Holt's primary competitor, had during the war received government support enabling it to supply farmers with the smaller agricultural tractors they needed.[24][25] As a result, Best had gained a considerable market advantage over Holt by war's end. Best also assumed considerable debt to allow it to continue expansion, especially production of its new Best Model 60 "Tracklayer".

Both companies were adversely impacted by the transition from a wartime to a peacetime economy, which contributed to a nationwide depression, further inhibiting sales. On December 5, 1920, 71-year-old Benjamin Holt died after a month-long illness.[25][26]

Caterpillar company formed

The banks who held the company's large debt forced the Holt board of directors to accept their candidate, Thomas A. Baxter, to succeed Benjamin Holt. Baxter initially cut the large tractors from the company's product line and introduced smaller models focused on the agricultural market. When the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1921 funded a US$1 billion federal highway building program, Baxter began re-focusing the company towards building road construction equipment.[14]:66 Both companies also faced fierce competition from the Fordson company.

Between 1907 and 1918, Best and Holt had spent about US$1.5 million in legal fees fighting each other in a number of contractual, trademark and patent infringement lawsuits.[27] Harry H. Fair of the bond brokerage house of Pierce, Fair & Company of San Francisco had helped to finance C. L. Best's debt and Holt shareholders approached him about their company's financial difficulty. Fair recommended that the two companies should merge. In April and May 1925, the financially stronger C. L. Best merged with the market leader Holt Caterpillar to form the Caterpillar Tractor Co.[28] The new company was headquartered in San Leandro until 1930, when under the terms of the merger it was moved to Peoria.[15] Baxter had been removed as CEO earlier in 1925, and Clarence Leo Best assumed the title of CEO, and remained in that role until October 1951.[24]

The Caterpillar company consolidated its product lines, offering only five track-type tractors: the 2 Ton, 5 Ton, and 10 Ton from the Holt Manufacturing Company's old product line and the Caterpillar 30 and Caterpillar 60 from the C. L. Best Tractor Co.'s former product line. The 10 Ton and 5 Ton models were discontinued in 1926. In 1928, the 2 Ton was discontinued. Sales the first year were US$13 million. By 1929, sales climbed to US$52.8 million, and CAT continued to grow throughout the Great Depression of the 1930s.

Caterpillar adopted the diesel engine to replace gasoline engines. During World War II, Caterpillar products found fame with the Seabees, Construction Battalions of the United States Navy, who built airfields and other facilities in the Pacific Theater of Operations. During the post-war construction boom, the company grew at a rapid pace and launched its first venture outside the U.S. in 1950, marking the beginning of Caterpillar's development into a multinational corporation.

Expansion in developing markets

Caterpillar built its first Russian facility in the town of Tosno, located near St. Petersburg, Russia. It was completed in 16 months and occupied in November 1999. It had the first electrical substation built in the Leningrad Oblast since the Communist government was dissolved on December 26, 1991. The facility was built under harsh winter conditions, where the temperature was below −25°C. The facility construction was managed by the Lemminkäinen Group located in Helsinki, Finland.

The $125M Caterpillar Suzhou, People's Republic of China facility, manufactures medium wheel loaders and motorgraders, primarily for the Asian market. The first machine is scheduled for production in March 2009. URS Ausino, in San Francisco, California, manages facility construction.

Caterpillar has manufactured in Brazil since 1960.[29] In 2010 the company announced plans to further expand production of backhoe and small wheel loaders with a new factory.[30]

Acquisitions

In addition to increasing sales of its core products, much of Caterpillar's growth has been through acquisitions, including:

Sortable table
Company or Asset Acquired Location Date Acquired From Products Notes
Trackson Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States 1951 Traxcavators (tracked loaders) and pipelayers "Traxcavator" became a Cat brand
Towmotor Corporation Mentor, Ohio, United States 1965[31] Forklifts In 1992 became Mitsubishi Caterpillar Forklifts, a joint venture 80% owned by Mitsubishi
Solar Division and Turbomach Division San Diego, California, United States 1981[32] International Harvester Company Industrial gas turbines Became Solar Turbines Incorporated, a wholly owned subsidiary of Caterpillar Inc.
Barber-Greene Co. Inc. Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States 1991[33] Paving products Renamed Caterpillar Paving Products
Krupp MaK Maschinenbau GmbH Kiel, Germany 1997[34] Fried. Krupp GmbH Marine diesel engines Renamed MaK Motoren GmbH, a wholly owned subsidiary of Caterpillar Inc. and will continue to use the MaK brand name.
Perkins Limited Peterborough, United Kingdom 1998[35] Lucas Varity Small diesel engines Produces both Cat and Perkins branded engines
Kato Engineering Mankato, Minnesota, United States 1998[36] Rockwell Automation, Inc. Large electrical generators
F.G. Wilson Larne, Northern Ireland 1999[37] Emerson Electric Company Generators. Produces both Cat and Olympian branded generators Asset swap. Emerson acquired Kato Engineering from Caterpillar as part of transaction.
Earthmoving Equipment Division Chennai, India 2000[38] Hindustan Motors Ltd. Construction equipment Renamed Caterpillar India
Caterpillar Elphinstone Pty. Ltd. Burnie, Australia 2000[39] Elphinstone Pty. Ltd. Underground mining equipment Acquired 50% interest in joint venture from partner Elphinstone. Renamed Caterpillar Underground Mining
Sabre Engines Ltd. United Kingdom 2000[40] Sabre Group Ltd. Marine diesel engines Renamed Caterpillar Marine Power UK. Produces both Cat and Perkins-Sabre branded engines
Bitelli SpA Minerbio, Italy 2000[41] Asphalt pavers, cold planers, compactors and other road maintenance products Merged into Caterpillar Paving Products
Wealdstone Engineering Ltd. Rushden, United Kingdom 2004[42] Remanufacturer of gasoline and diesel engines Organized under Caterpillar Remanufacturing Services
Williams Technologies, Inc. Summerville, South Carolina, United States 2004[42] Delco Remy International Inc. Remanufacturer of automatic transmissions, torque converters and engines Organized under Caterpillar Remanufacturing Services
Turbomach SA Riazzino, Switzerland 2004[43] Babcock Borsig AG Packager of industrial gas turbines and related systems
Progress Rail Services Corporation Albertville, Alabama 2006[44] One Equity Partners Supplier of railroad and transit system products and services. Owner of Electro-Motive Diesel, Inc.
Hindustan PowerPlus Ltd. Mathagondapalli, Tamil Nadu, India 2006[45] Hindustan Motors Engine components and heavy-duty diesel engines Buyout of joint venture formed in 1988. Renamed Caterpillar Power India Private Ltd. Merged into Caterpillar India in 2008.
Eurenov S.A.S. Chaumont, France 2007[46] Automotive component remanufacturing Organized under Caterpillar Remanufacturing Services
Forestry Division of Blount International, Inc. Portland, Oregon, United States 2007[47] Blount International, Inc. Timber harvesting and processing equipment, loaders and attachments
Shandong Engineering Machinery (SEM) China 2008[48] Wheel loaders
Lovat Inc. Toronto, Ontario, Canada 2008[49] Tunnel boring machines
Shin Caterpillar Mitsubishi Ltd. Sagami & Akashi, Japan 2008[50] Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Construction equipment Joint venture since 1963, after purchase of majority renamed Caterpillar Japan Ltd.
MGE Equipamentos & Serviços Ferroviários Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil 2008[51] Railroad equipment remanufacturing Subsidiary of Progress Rail Services Corporation
Gremada Industries, Inc. West Fargo, North Dakota, United States 2008[52] Gremada Industries, Inc. Remanufacturing transmissions, torque converters, and final drives Organized under Caterpillar Remanufacturing Services
Twin City Signal Inc. Hudson, Wisconsin, United States 2008[53] Signaling, traffic control Division of Progress Rail Services Corporation
JCS Co., Ltd. Yangsan City, Kyungnam, South Korea 2009[54] Jinsung T.E.C. Co., Ltd. Seal technology
GE Inspection Products Erie, Pennsylvania, United States 2010[55] GE Transportation Rail inspection products Division of Progress Rail Services Corporation
FCM Rail Ltd. Fenton, Michigan, United States 2010[56] Rail maintenance equipment leasing Division of Progress Rail Services Corporation
Zeit Comercio e Montagem de Equipamentos Ltda Curitiba, Parana, Brazil 2010[57] Automation and electrical equipment for locomotives and other industries Acquired by MGE, a division of Progress Rail Services Corporation
Electro-Motive Diesel, Inc. La Grange, Illinois, United States 2010[58] Greenbriar Equity Group LLC, Berkshire Partners LLC, et al. Railroad locomotives and large diesel engines Wholly owned subsidiary of Progress Rail Services Corporation
Underground Imaging Technologies, Inc. (UIT) Latham, New York, United States 2010[59] Geophysical services, specializing in providing three-dimensional representations of underground utilities Organized under Cat Advanced Systems Division
Caterpillar Xuzhou Ltd Xuzhou, China 2010[60] Xuzhou Construction Machinery Group Construction equipment Joint venture since 1995, will become wholly owned subsidiary Caterpillar Xuzhou
CleanAIR Systems, Inc. Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States 2010[61] Customized stationary aftertreatment solutions for internal combustion engines Wholly owned subsidiary of Caterpillar Inc. organized under Customer Services Support Division
MWM Holding GmbH Mannheim, Germany 2010[62] 3i Group Plc Gas and diesel powered generator sets will become part of Caterpillar's Electric Power division (formerly Deutz Power Systems division of Deutz-Fahr)
Bucyrus International, Inc. South Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States 2011[63] Surface and underground mining equipment Transaction closed without issuing new equity on July 8, 2011 in firm's largest acquisition ever, valued at $8.8 billion.
Pyroban Group Ltd Shoreham, UK 2011[64] Fire and explosion prevention solutions for engines and equipment

Divestitures

Caterpillar occasionally divests assets that do not align with its core competencies.

Sortable table
Asset Divested Location Date Purchaser Products Notes
Turbomach Division of Solar Turbines Incorporated San Diego, California, United States 1985[65] Sunstrand Corporation Auxiliary power units Caterpillar's only aerospace asset, not a core competency, sold to longtime partner
Kato Engineering Mankato, Minnesota, United States 1999[37] Emerson Electric Company Large electrical generators Asset swap. Caterpillar acquired F.G. Wilson from Emerson as part of transaction.
Agricultural equipment assets DeKalb, Illinois, United States 2002[66] AGCO Corporation Design, assembly and marketing of Challenger track tractors
Preferred Group of Mutual Funds not applicable 2006[67] T. Rowe Price Group Inc. Mutual funds Caterpillar Investment Management Ltd. decided to exit the investment management business.
Pioneer Machinery West Columbia, South Carolina, United States 2007[68] Consortium of six Caterpillar dealers Distributor of forestry equipment
ASV, Inc. Grand Rapids, Minnesota, United States 2008[69] Terex Minnesota, Inc. Rubber track machines Caterpillar formerly held 23.5% of ASV outstanding shares before supporting the purchase by Terex

Business lines

Through fiscal year 2010, Caterpillar divided its products, services and technologies into three principal lines of business: machinery, engines and financial products for sale to private and governmental entities.[2] Starting in 2011, Caterpillar reports its financials using five business segments: construction industries, resource industries, power systems, other segments, and financial products.[70]

Machinery

Caterpillar has a list of some 400 products for purchase through its dealer network. Caterpillar's line of machines range from tracked tractors to hydraulic excavators, backhoe loaders, motor graders, off-highway trucks, wheel loaders, agricultural tractors and locomotives. Caterpillar machinery is used in the construction, road-building, mining, forestry, energy, transportation and material-handling industries.

Caterpillar is the world's largest manufacturer of wheel loaders. The medium size (MWL) and large size (LWL) are designed at their Aurora, Illinois facility. Medium wheel loaders are manufactured at: Aurora, Illinois; Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan; Gosselies, Charleroi, Belgium; Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil;[71] India and the People's Republic of China. Large wheel loaders are manufactured exclusively in the United States on three separate assembly lines at Aurora, Illinois.

Engines

A portion of CAT's business is in the manufacturing of diesel and natural gas engines and gas turbines which, in addition to their use in the company's own vehicles, are used as the prime movers in locomotives, semi trucks, marine vessels and ships, as well as providing the power source for peak-load power plants and emergency generators.

In 2004, the company introduced with ACERT diesel engines that exceed federal guidelines for emission standards.[72] In 2007, Caterpillar released a second generation of ACERT to meet even stricter standards.[73]

In October 2010, Caterpillar announced it would buy German engine-manufacturer MWM GmbH from 3i for $810 million.[62]

Caterpillar Defence Products

The Caterpillar Defence Products[74] subsidiary, headquartered in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, provides diesel engines, automatic transmissions and other parts for the UK's Titan armored bridge layer, Trojan combat engineering tank, Terrier combat engineering vehicles, and tank transporters; the Romanian MLI-84 armored personnel carrier and the Swiss Piranha III light armored vehicle, which is currently being developed for use by American light armored formations; large fleets of military trucks in both the U.S. and UK; and the CV90 family of infantry fighting vehicles used by the armies of Sweden, Norway, Finland, Switzerland, the Netherlands and Denmark.

This division also provides both propulsion engines and power generation systems to the naval shipbuilding industry, such as the Series 3512B turbocharged V-12 diesel engine for American Virginia class nuclear submarines. Caterpillar diesel engines are also used in San Antonio class amphibious transport docks, Spanish Alvaro de Bazán class frigates, British River class patrol vessels, Mexican Sierra class patrol boats,[75] and Malaysian Kedah class MEKO A-100 offshore patrol vessels.[76]

Caterpillar Electronics

The Caterpillar Electronics business unit has formed Caterpillar Trimble Control Technologies LLC (CTCT), a 50:50 joint venture with Trimble Navigation to develop electronic guidance and control products for earthmoving machines in the construction, mining and waste industries. CTCT is based in Dayton, Ohio and started its operations on April 1, 2002.

Agriculture products

Caterpillar introduced the Challenger range of agricultural tractors as the result of several development programs over a long period of time. The program started in the 1970s and involved both D6-based units and Grader power units. A parallel program was also developing wheeled high hp tractors based on using the articulated loading shovel chassis was latter merged with the crawler team. The result was the Challenger Tractor and the "Mobi-Trac" system.

The Challenger has been marketed in Europe as Claas machines since 1997, with Caterpillar marketing the Claas built Lexion combine range in the USA. Claas and Caterpillar formed a joint venture, Claas Omaha, to build combine harvesters in Omaha, Nebraska, USA under the CAT brand. In 2002, Cat sold its stake to Claas, and licensed the use of CAT and the CAT yellow livery to Claas. They are marketed as Lexion combines now.

Also in 2002, Caterpillar sold the Challenger tracked tractor business to AGCO and licensed the use of the Challenger and CAT names and livery to them. This ended Cat's venture into agriculture.

Financial products

Caterpillar provides financing and insurance to customers via its worldwide dealer network [2] and generates income through the licensing of the Caterpillar and CAT trademarks and logos.

Brand licensing

Caterpillar sells the right to manufacture, market and sell products bearing the Caterpillar brand and trademarks to licensees world wide. Wolverine World Wide is one example, a licensee since 1994 and currently the sole manufacturer, worldwide licensed to produce Cat branded footwear.[77] Other licensees sell items including clothing, hats, watches, scale models of Cat machinery and other consumer products.[78][79]

Manufacturing

Caterpillar products and components are manufactured in 110 facilities worldwide. 51 plants are located in the United States and 59 overseas plants are located in Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, England, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Northern Ireland, the People's Republic of China, Poland, Russia, Singapore, South Africa and Sweden.

Caterpillar's historical manufacturing home is in Peoria, Illinois, which is also the location of Caterpillar's world headquarters and core research and development activities. Although Caterpillar has contracted much of its local parts production and warehousing to third parties, Caterpillar still has four major plants in the Peoria area: the Mapleton Foundry, where diesel engine blocks and other large parts are cast; the East Peoria factory, which has assembled Caterpillar tractors for over 70 years; the Mossville engine plant, built after World War II; and the Morton parts facility.

Product distribution

Caterpillar products are distributed to end-users in nearly 200 countries through Caterpillar's worldwide network of 220 dealers. Caterpillar's dealers are independently owned and operated businesses with exclusive geographical territories. Dealers provide sales, maintenance and repair services, rental equipment, and parts distribution. Finning, a dealer based in British Columbia, Canada, is Caterpillar's largest global distributor.

Most dealers use a management system called Lawson for their day to day operations.

As of the first quarter of 2006, 66% of Caterpillars sales are made by one of the 63 dealers in the United States, with the remaining 44% sold by one Caterpillar's 157 overseas dealers.

Management

Caterpillar has a corporate governance structure where the Chairman of the board also acts as Chief Executive Officer (CEO). The Board of Directors is fully independent and is made up of non-employee directors selected from outside the company. Several group presidents report to the CEO, and multiple vice presidents report to each group president.

The board has four committees: Audit, Compensation, Governance, and Public Policy.

The behavior of all employees is governed by a Code of Worldwide Business Conduct, first published in 1974 and last amended in 2005, which sets the corporate standard for honesty and ethical behavior. Management employees are retested on this code annually.

Current board of directors

On July 1, 2010, Douglas R. Oberhelman succeeded James W. Owens as CEO and on October 31, 2010 he also became Chairman.[80]

Employment

As of December 31, 2009, Caterpillar employed 93,813 persons of whom 50,562 are located outside the United States. Current employment figures represent a decline of 17,900 employees compared the third quarter of 2008.[3] Due to the restructuring of business operations which began in the 1990s, there are 20,000 fewer union jobs in the Peoria, Illinois area while employment outside the U.S. has increased.

Labor practices

Caterpillar came close to bankruptcy in the early 1980s, at one point losing almost US$1 million per day due to a sharp downturn in product demand as competition with Japanese rival Komatsu increased. (At the time, Komatsu used the internal slogan "encircle Caterpillar".)[81] Caterpillar suffered further when the United States declared an embargo against the Soviet Union after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, causing the company to be unable to sell US$400 million worth of pipelaying machinery that had already been built.[82]

Due to the drastic drop in demand, Caterpillar initiated employee layoffs, which led to strikes, primarily by the members of the United Auto Workers, against Caterpillar facilities in Illinois and Pennsylvania. Several news reports at the time indicated that products were piling up so high in facilities that replacement workers could barely make their way to their work stations.

In 1992, the United Auto Workers conducted a five-month strike against Caterpillar. In response, Caterpillar threatened to replace Caterpillar's entire unionized work force. Over ten thousand UAW members striked again in 1994–1995 for 17 months, a record at that time. The strike ended with the UAW deciding to return to work without a contract despite record revenues and profits by Caterpillar.[83] In 1994 Caterpillar offered a contract to the UAW members that would have raised the salary of top workers from $35,000 to $39,000 per year. However, the UAW was seeking the same top wage of $40,000 that was paid to workers at Deere & Company in 1994.[84]

During the strikes, Caterpillar used management employees in an attempt to maintain production. Caterpillar suspended research and development work, sending thousands of engineers and other non-bargained for employees into Caterpillar's manufacturing and assembly facilities to replace striking or locked out union members.

Rather than continuing to fight the United Auto Workers, Caterpillar chose to make itself less vulnerable to the traditional bargaining tactics of organized labor. One way Caterpillar achieved its goal was by outsourcing much of Caterpillar's parts production and warehouse work to outside firms. In another move, according to United Auto Workers union officials and industry analysts, Caterpillar began to execute a "southern strategy".[85] The "southern strategy" involved opening new, small plants, termed "focus facilities", in right-to-work states. Caterpillar opened these new, smaller facilities in Clayton and Sanford North Carolina, Greenville South Carolina, Corinth Mississippi, Dyersburg Tennessee, Griffin Georgia, LaGrange and Seguin Texas and North Little Rock Arkansas.

Public Relations

In addition to the company's contributions to the first and second world wars it has contributed to major construction projects including the Hoover Dam, the U.S. Interstate highway system, the Channel Tunnel under the English Channel, as well as the construction of cities and neighborhoods across the United States. Caterpillar equipment helped to tumble the Berlin Wall but also to build the United States–Mexico border and Israeli West Bank border barriers.

Advocacy, philanthropy and awards

Caterpillar is a leading member of the U.S. Global Leadership Coalition, a Washington D.C.-based coalition of over 400 major companies and NGOs that advocates for increased funding of American diplomatic and development efforts abroad through the International Affairs Budget.[86] Economic development projects in developing countries (particularly in rural, agricultural regions) serve as new markets for Caterpillar products by improving political and economic stability and raising average incomes.

The environment

In addition to devoting engineering resources to ensure that Caterpillar machinery meets or exceeds environmental laws and regulations in markets worldwide, Caterpillar also actively participates in programs that promote environmental sustainability. Despite Caterpillar's efforts to further pro-environmental sustainability goals, Caterpillar has also been found to be in violation of environmental protection laws.

Environmental stewardship

Caterpillar divisions have won Illinois Governor's Pollution Prevention Awards every year since 1997.[87] Caterpillar was awarded the 2007 Illinois Governor's Pollution Prevention Award for three projects: The Hydraulics and Hydraulic Systems business unit in Joliet implemented a flame sprayed coating for its truck suspension system, replacing a chroming process, reducing hazardous waste by 700,000 pounds annually and saving 14 million US gallons (53,000 m3) of water. Caterpillar's Cast Metals Organization in Mapleton worked with the American Foundry Society to help produce a rule to reduce hazardous waste in scrap metal that meet strict quality requirements, and also allow foundries to continue recycling certain types of scrap and maintain a competitive cost structure. Caterpillar's Mossville Engine Center formed a team to look at used oil re-use and recycle processes that forced MEC to send large amounts of used oil off-site for recycling, and developed an updated system for reclaiming it for re-use on-site. The resulting benefits included a usage reduction of about 208,000 US gallons (790 m3) of oil per year.[88]

Caterpillar actively participates in initiatives such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency's National Clean Diesel Campaign program, which encourages retrofitting fleets of older buses and trucks with newer diesel engines that meet higher emissions standards.[89][90]

In 2005, Caterpillar donated $12 million dollars to The Nature Conservancy in a joint effort to protect and preserve river systems in Brazil, U.S.A., and China.[91]

Caterpillar has, for many years, been a member of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development based in Geneva, Switzerland.[92]

Caterpillar has been listed on the Dow Jones Sustainability World Index each year since 2001.[93]

Violations of environmental law

In July 1999, Caterpillar and five other diesel engine manufacturers signed a consent decree with the Justice Department and the State of California, after governmental investigations revealed violations of the Clean Air Act. The violation involve over a million diesel engines sold with "defeat devices," devices that regulated emissions during pre-sale tests, but that could be disabled in favor of better performance during subsequent highway driving. Consequently, these engines "...emit up to triple the permissible level of smog-forming nitrogen oxides (NOx). In 1998 alone, these violating vehicles emitted 1.3 million tons of additional NOx — an amount equal to the emissions of 65 million cars." For this reason, Caterpillar was named the "Clean Air Villain of the Month" for August 2000 by the Clean Air Trust.[94] The consent decree provided that $83 million be paid in civil penalties and determined new deadlines for meeting emissions standards. Caterpillar, however, was successful in lobbying for an extension of deadlines they considered too severe. Even so, in October, 2002, Caterpillar – the only diesel engine company (of those that signed decrees) to fail to meet the new emissions standards deadline – was forced to pay $128 million in per-engine non-conformance penalties.[95]

Use of machinery by the Israel Defense Forces

The Israel Defense Force's use of certain Caterpillar machinery has subjected Caterpillar to criticism by activists and shareholders and a lawsuit filed in the United States by the survivors of a woman killed in Israel with a Caterpillar bulldozer operated by an Israel Defense Forces soldier.

Background

The United States government paid for, then transferred ownership of a standard, civilian configuration Caterpillar D9 bulldozer to the Israel Defense Forces. After receiving the bulldozer, the Israel Defense Forces modified the machine for use as a combat engineering vehicle to support missions including earthworks on dangerous terrain, explosive ordinance disposal and demining. Some activists have criticized Caterpillar for selling machinery to be used by the Israel Defense Forces because the Israel Defense Forces have used the machinery to demolish the homes of relatives of Palestinian suicide bombers and also to destroy Palestinian homes during military operations.[96][97] The Israel Defense Forces state that the demolition of family homes of militants deters potential suicide bombers from committing terrorism and that the destruction of civilian properties in battle is sometimes necessary to fight terrorism. Activists have argued that destroying the homes of relatives of suicide bombers constitutes collective punishment and such practices are illegal under international law.

Caterpillar shareholder actions

Caterpillar shareholders opposed to the demolition of Palestinian homes by the Israel Defense Forces repeatedly have brought motions at Caterpillar's annual meetings to examine the issue. Caterpillar's board has recommended against the passage of the motions, stating, "Caterpillar shares the world's concern over unrest in the Middle East and we certainly have compassion for all those affected by the political strife. However, more than two million Caterpillar machines and engines are at work in virtually every country of the world each day. We have neither the legal right nor the means to police individual use of that equipment. We believe any comments on political conflict in the region are best left to our governmental leaders who have the ability to impact action and advance the peace process." A motion regarding the subject proposed at the 2004 annual shareholder meeting did not pass, receiving 4% of shareholder votes.[98]

Corrie et al v. Caterpillar Inc.

In 2003 a modified Caterpillar D9R operated in Gaza by an Israel Defense Forces soldier ran over and killed Rachel Corrie, an American acting as a human shield to prevent the destruction of a Palestinian home. An Israeli government investigation found that the bulldozer team was on an anti-smuggling mission, not destroying homes, and that the operator did not see Corrie.[99] The family of Rachel Corrie and the families of 16 Palestinian killed or injured by Caterpillar machinery used by the Israel Defense Forces sued Caterpillar Inc. in the United States alleging Caterpillar violated human rights and committed war crimes by knowingly selling its equipment to the Israel Defense Forces.[100]

The U.S. District Court in Tacoma, Washington dismissed the lawsuit in 2005.[101] The plaintiffs appealed and the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the dismissal on September 17, 2007, stating that the equipment was paid for using United States government funds, representing an extension of United States foreign policy and that it is not the court's jurisdiction to criticize United States foreign policy decisions made by the executive branch.[99]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Caterpillar World Headquarters Awarded LEED-EB Gold from United States Green Building Council" (PDF) (Press release). Caterpillar Inc.. 2010-02-05. Archived from the original on 2010-03-11. http://www.webcitation.org/5o9zlWsqN. Retrieved 2010-03-11. "PEORIA,Ill – The Caterpillar Administration Building, which serves as the company's world headquarters..." 
  2. ^ a b c d e f "Caterpillar – About Cat". cat.com. Caterpillar Inc. 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-03-11. http://www.webcitation.org/5o9n5nlXT. Retrieved 2010-03-11. "We deliver products, services and technologies in three principal lines of business: Machinery, Engines and Financial Products." 
  3. ^ a b c d "2009 Form 10-K". United States Securities and Exchange Commission. 2010-02-19. Archived from the original on 2010-03-23. http://www.webcitation.org/5oSPRbeGV. Retrieved 2010-03-23. "As of December 31, 2009, we employed 93,813 persons of whom 50,562 were located outside the United States." 
  4. ^ Haddock, Keith; Orlemann, Eric (2001-11-11). Paul Johnson. ed. Classic Caterpillar Crawlers. St. Paul, Minnesota, United States: MBI Publishing Company. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-0760309179. http://books.google.com/books?id=_AM38RNF_F4C. Retrieved 2010-11-06. 
  5. ^ "Caterpillar Inc. 4Q 2010 Earnings Release" (PDF). caterpillar.com. Caterpillar Inc.. 2011-01-27. pp. 15, 36–37, 39. Archived from the original on 2011-02-02. http://www.webcitation.org/5wD7jfxmL. Retrieved 2011-02-02. "Total sales and revenues....42,588" 
  6. ^ Yang, Jia Lynn (2009-05-04). "Fortune 500 2009: Top 100 American Companies – Caterpillar – CAT". FORTUNE on CNNMoney.com (Cable News Network, Inc). Archived from the original on 2010-03-11. http://www.webcitation.org/5o9yKYxus. Retrieved 2010-03-11. "Rank: 44" 
  7. ^ "Dow Jones Averages – Dow Jones Industrial Average – Components". djaverages.com. Dow Jones & Company. 2010. http://www.djaverages.com/index.cfm?view=industrial&page=components. Retrieved 2010-03-11. "Ticker CAT – Company Name Caterpillar Incorporated" 
  8. ^ "Caterpillar Tractor Co. List of Deals". Lehman Brothers Collection. President and Fellows of Harvard College. 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-11-06. http://www.webcitation.org/5u2jB9nzf. Retrieved 2010-11-06. "In 1925 Holt and C.W. Best's company merged to form the Caterpillar Tractor Company." 
  9. ^ "Caterpillar – Legal Notices". cat.com. Caterpillar Inc. 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-03-11. http://www.webcitation.org/5o9o5qhpO. Retrieved 2010-03-11. ""Caterpillar Yellow,"...trade dress...are trademarks of Caterpillar..." 
  10. ^ a b c d Pernie, Gwenyth Laird (March 3, 2009). "Benjamin Holt (1849–1920): The Father of the Caterpillar tractor". http://www.wastehandling.com/ME2/Audiences/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&id=47C5DE563581487B9E4394B939909F9E&tier=4. 
  11. ^ "David Roberts". http://tractors.wikia.com/wiki/David_Roberts. Retrieved 3-2-2010. 
  12. ^ "Agricultural Machinery, Business History of Machinery Manufacturers". http://www.kipnotes.com/AgriculturalMachinery.htm. 
  13. ^ a b "Caterpillar History". http://www.acmoc.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14&Itemid=35&limit=1&limitstart=2. Retrieved 2010-02-28. 
  14. ^ a b Leffingwell, Randy (1996). Classic Farm Tractors: History of the Farm Tractor. Crestline Imprints. ISBN 9780760302460. http://books.google.com/books?id=a_HbnkbSVhoC&pg=PA60&lpg=PA60&dq=holt+model+120+tractor&source=bl&ots=O_OGiVCkZt&sig=wqWKKLLY7Jr1mKF_c63YlKX3nUo&hl=en&ei=PgCLS9aPB4_6sgPwlonRCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CCoQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=holt%20model%20120%20tractor&f=false. 
  15. ^ a b Gordon, Paul (February 16, 2010). company-locations/13937416-1.html "Cat hits 100-year milestone: Holt Caterpillar started operations in East Peoria in 1910 with 12 employees". Peoria, Illinois: Journal Star. http://www.allbusiness.com/company-activities-management/ company-locations/13937416-1.html. Retrieved 2010-02-28. 
  16. ^ Jay P. Pederson, editor. (2004). "Caterpillar Inc: Roots in Late 19th-Century Endeavors of Best and Holt". International Directory of Company Histories. 63. Farmington Hills, Michigan: St. James Press. ISBN 1-55862-508-9. http://www.enotes.com/company-histories/caterpillar-inc/roots-late-19th-century-endeavors-best-holt. 
  17. ^ Orleman, Eric C. (2006). Caterpillar. MBI Publishing Company. pp. 8–9. ISBN 9780760325537. http://books.google.com/books?id=uq07avP69BgC&pg=PA8. Retrieved 2009–07–13. 
  18. ^ "Newly Incorporated". January 13, 1892. 
  19. ^ "Caterpillar History". http://www.caterpillar.com/company/history. Retrieved 2011-02-07. 
  20. ^ "Holt Caterpillar". http://www.historicroadways.co.uk/s-007.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-27. 
  21. ^ a b "The Holt 15-ton Tractor". http://www.landships.freeservers.com/new_pages/holt_tractor_info.htm. Retrieved 2011-02-26. 
  22. ^ "HOLT CAT – Texas Caterpillar Dealer Equipment Sales and Service". 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-04-19. http://web.archive.org/web/20070419135813/www.holtremix.com/company/history.asp. Retrieved 2010-02-24. 
  23. ^ Swinton, Ernest (1972). Eyewitness. Ayer Publishing. ISBN 9780405045943. http://books.google.com/books?id=I02-m4nZOa8C. 
  24. ^ a b "Caterpillar On-Highway Engines: About Us>History>Growth". ohe.cat.com. Caterpillar Inc. 2007. Archived from the original on 2007–08–04. http://web.archive.org/web/20070804223846/ohe.cat.com/cda/layout?m=85360&x=7. Retrieved 2010–02–24. 
  25. ^ a b "Caterpillar History". http://www.acmoc.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14&Itemid=35&limit=1&limitstart=3. Retrieved 2010-02-28. 
  26. ^ "Pacific Rural Press". 100. December 11, 1920. 
  27. ^ "Caterpillar History". http://www.acmoc.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14&Itemid=35&limit=1&limitstart=6. Retrieved 2010-02-28. 
  28. ^ "Best Tractor History". http://www.tractordata.com/farm-tractors/tractor-brands/best/best-tractors.html. Retrieved 2010-02-24. 
  29. ^ Caterpillar in Brazil brasil.cat.com
  30. ^ Caterpillar Announces Plans for New Manufacturing Facility in Brazil 29 June 2010 , www.cat.com
  31. ^ Cat Lift Trucks : About Cat. Catlifttruck.com. Retrieved on 2011–03–17.
  32. ^ Solar Turbines: About Solar. Mysolar.cat.com (2011–01–27). Retrieved on 2011–03–17.
  33. ^ Ehrlich, Jennifer (1997-03-16). "Caterpillar to expand Brooklyn Park plant". http://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/stories/1997/03/17/story1.html. 
  34. ^ "Caterpillar Acquisition". The New York Times. 1996-07-03. http://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/03/business/caterpillar-acquisition.html. 
  35. ^ Cat buys Perkins for $1.33 billion. | Company Activities & Management > Company Structures & Ownership from. AllBusiness.com. Retrieved on 2011–03–17.
  36. ^ Caterpillar Inc – 8-K – For 2/2/99. SEC Info. Retrieved on 2011–03–17.
  37. ^ a b Power brokers: Cat gets F.G. Wilson, Emerson gets Kato. | Company Activities & Management > Company Structures & Ownership from. AllBusiness.com. Retrieved on 2011–03–17.
  38. ^ [1]
  39. ^ Osenga, Mike (2000). "CNH Sells Tractor Operations … Cat Buys The Rest Of Elphinstone … Parker Buys Wynn's … Manitowoc Consolidates – Brief Article". Diesel Progress North American Edition. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FZX/is_8_66/ai_64991321. 
  40. ^ Caterpillar Completes Acquisition of Sabre. Marinelink.com (2000–04–13). Retrieved on 2011–03–17.
  41. ^ Caterpillar Buys Italian Road Construction Firm. Rermag.com (2000–06–01). Retrieved on 2011–03–17.
  42. ^ a b Cat reman buys engine, transmission rebuilders: adding Wealdstone, Williams Technologies, Caterpillar Remanufacturing stakes out automotive territory.(industry news) – Diesel Progress North American Edition | HighBeam Research – FREE trial. Highbeam.com (2004–10–01). Retrieved on 2011–03–17.
  43. ^ [2]
  44. ^ Caterpillar buys privately held rail services firm for $1B. MarketWatch (2006–05–16). Retrieved on 2011–03–17.
  45. ^ Caterpillar completes acquisition of joint-venture operations in India | Articles | South Asian Connection. Indusbusinessjournal.com. Retrieved on 2011–03–17.
  46. ^ Caterpillar Completes Acquisition of European Remanufacturing Company, Eurenov S.A. News.thomasnet.com (2007–04–23). Retrieved on 2011–03–17.
  47. ^ Caterpillar Announces Acquisition of Blount's Forestry Division and Transition of Pioneer Machinery to Six Caterpillar Dealers – Industry News – Site Prep. Siteprepmag.com (2007–11–06). Retrieved on 2011–03–17.
  48. ^ Caterpillar Inc. | Manufacturing > Machinery & Equipment Manufacturing from. AllBusiness.com (2008–03–01). Retrieved on 2011–03–17.
  49. ^ Caterpillar Announces Entry Into Tunnel Boring Business With Acquisition of Lovat Inc. .prnewswire.com (2008–04–02). Retrieved on 2011–03–17.
  50. ^ "Caterpillar, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Shin Caterpillar Mitsubishi Announce". Reuters. 2008-03-26. http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS68184+26-Mar-2008+PRN20080326. 
  51. ^ Caterpillar (CAT) Acquires Stock of MGE Equipamentos & Servicos. StreetInsider.com (2008–06–24). Retrieved on 2011–03–17.
  52. ^ "Caterpillar to Expand Remanufacturing Business With Acquisition of Certain Gremada". Reuters. 2008-06-16. http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS133430+16-Jun-2008+PRN20080616. 
  53. ^ On the right track: Twin City Signal – Railway Track and Structures. Rtands.com (2009–08–28). Retrieved on 2011–03–17.
  54. ^ Caterpillar Announces Acquisition of JCS Co., Ltd., Caterpillar, November 30, 2009
  55. ^ Progress Rail Acquires GE Transportation's Inspection Products Business – Progress Rail Services. Progressrail.com (2010–03–02). Retrieved on 2011–03–17.
  56. ^ Caterpillar unit buys FCM Rail. BusinessWeek (2010–05–07). Retrieved on 2011–03–17.
  57. ^ Updates from Portec Rail, MGE, Eckert Seamans and ShipXpress. Progressiverailroading.com (2010–11–05). Retrieved on 2011–03–17.
  58. ^ Singh, Shruti Date (1 June 2010). "Caterpillar to Pay $820 Million for Locomotive Maker". Bloomberg Businessweek. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-06-01/caterpillar-to-pay-820-million-for-locomotive-maker-update2-.html. Retrieved 1 June 2010. 
  59. ^ Acquisition Positions Caterpillar to Deliver Subsurface Imaging and Mapping Services. Forconstructionpros.com (2011–01–12). Retrieved on 2011–03–17.
  60. ^ China Business News: Caterpillar to buyout Caterpillar Xuzhou. Chinaknowledge.com (2010–06–29). Retrieved on 2011–03–17.
  61. ^ Caterpillar Emissions Solutions Expands Capabilities Through Acquisition of CleanAIR Systems. Hawthorne Cat (2010–07–01). Retrieved on 2011–03–17.
  62. ^ a b "Caterpillar buys 3i's engine maker MWM for $810 million". Reuters. 2010-10-22. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE69L1IF20101022. 
  63. ^ Caterpillar Completes Acquisition of Bucyrus Caterpillar Inc. (2011-07-08). Retrieved on 2011-07-24.
  64. ^ [http://www.cat.com/cda/files/3027453/7/Caterpillar+Acquires+Pyroban+Statement+FINAL.doc.
  65. ^ Ansley, Mary Holm (1985–04–20). /5uRfdpLRS "Caterpillar To Sell Turbine Division To Sundstrand". chicagotribune.com (Chicago, Illinois, United States: Chicago Tribune). Archived from the original on 2010–11–22. http://www.webcitation.org /5uRfdpLRS. Retrieved 2010–11–22. "Sundstrand Corp. plans to buy the Turbomach unit of Caterpillar Tractor Co. for $100 million in cash plus royalties based on future sales..." 
  66. ^ Osenga, Mike (2002). "Cat sells challenger ag tractors to agco: Cat dealers get full line of ag equipment, AGCO gets high end tractor line; production to continue at Dekalb, maybe – Industry News – Brief Article". Diesel Progress North American Edition. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FZX/is_2_68/ai_84017252/. 
  67. ^ T. Rowe Price to acquire Caterpillar unit funds. MarketWatch (2006–02–17). Retrieved on 2011–03–17.
  68. ^ "Caterpillar buys Blount's local unit". 2007-11-26. http://www.bizjournals.com/triangle/stories/2007/11/26/story6.html. 
  69. ^ Terex Corporation acquires ASV | Banking & Finance > Financial Markets & Investing from. AllBusiness.com. Retrieved on 2011–03–17.
  70. ^ Caterpillar Inc. 1Q 2011 Earnings Release Caterpillar Inc. (2011-04-11). Last Accessed 2011-07-24.
  71. ^ Caterpillar: Home
  72. ^ "Caterpillar Brings Engines with ACERT Technology to Off-Road Machines". Caterpillar Inc.. http://www.cat.com/cda/layout?m=48920&x=7. Retrieved 2007-08-05. 
  73. ^ "Caterpillar demonstrates 2007 compliant on-highway engine". Pit & Quarry. Archived from the original on August 29, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070829120017/http://www.pitandquarry.com/pitandquarry/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=327472. Retrieved 2007-08-31. 
  74. ^ Caterpillar Defence Products
  75. ^ "Caterpillar Defence Products". Armed Forces – The Defence Suppliers Directory. R & F Defence Publications. http://www.armedforces.co.uk/companies/raq3f8ab10ac700f. Retrieved 2007-08-04. 
  76. ^ "MEKO A Class Corvettes / Frigates, Germany". naval-technology.com. http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/meko/. Retrieved 2008-09-16. "The Kedah Class MEKO A-100 patrol vessel being built for Malaysia has a displacement of 1,650t. The propulsion system is based on two Caterpillar 3616 (5,450kW) diesel engines each driving two controllable pitch propellers." 
  77. ^ "Donald Fites, Former Caterpillar Inc. CEO & Chairman, Joins WWW Board of Directors.". Business Wire. The Free Library by Farlex. 1999-02-24. Archived from the original on 2010-09-20. http://www.webcitation.org/5stMQFGu9. Retrieved 2010-09-20. "I have been acquainted with Wolverine World Wide since 1994, when the company was licensed to manufacture and market Caterpillar footwear around the world..." 
  78. ^ "History of the CAT brand – Stylish watches for Active Men – CAT Watches from Caterpillar". http://www.catwatches.co.uk. United Kingdom: Time Network. 2008. Archived from the original on 2010-09-20. http://www.webcitation.org/5stN6P0g3. Retrieved 2010-09-20. "In the late 90s, Caterpillar Inc. issued its first watch license, welcome to CATWATCHES.CO.UK" 
  79. ^ "Buy Caterpillar Apparel, Collectibles & More". http://www.shopcaterpillar.com/. SureSource LLC. 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-09-20. http://www.webcitation.org/5stNbjz2v. Retrieved 2010-09-20. "shopcaterpillar.com is operated by SureSource LLC., under license from Caterpillar Inc." 
  80. ^ "Caterpillar Outlines Leadership Succession Plan; Board Names Doug Oberhelman Vice Chairman and Chief Executive Officer – Elect". Caterpillar Inc.. 2009-10-22. http://www.cat.com/cda/files/1921082/7/102209%20Vice%20Chair%20Election.pdf?m=37523&x=7. Retrieved 2009-10-22. 
  81. ^ commitment | strategy | japanese philosophy
  82. ^ USA Engage – Home
  83. ^ Caterpillar Inc. company details and history , www.fundinguniverse.com
  84. ^ Union Agrees To End Strike At Caterpillar, by Jonathan P. Hicks, New York Times, April 15, 1992
  85. ^ Burns, Matthew (1006-06-24). "Caterpillar rolls into Lee County". Triangle Business Journal. Raleigh, North Carolina: American City Business Journals, Inc. Archived from the original on 2011-03-08. http://www.webcitation.org/5x2zbdaXu. Retrieved 2011-03-08. "Locating plants in non-union states such as North Carolina is part of Caterpillar's effort to decrease the impact of organized labor on production, according to union officials and analysts." 
  86. ^ U.S. Global Leadership Coalition, Global Trust members
  87. ^ "Governor's Awards Previous Winners". Illinois Sustainable Technology Center. Champaign, Illinois: Institute of Natural Resource Sustainability, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. http://www.wmrc.uiuc.edu/info/govs_awards_prev_winners.cfm. Retrieved 2010-03-21. 
  88. ^ Illinois Department Of Natural Resources October 25, 2007. Retrieved May 8, 2008
  89. ^ "Cat backs plan to cut school bus emissions". Trailer/Body Builders. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5048/is_200306/ai_n18341363. Retrieved 2007-08-31. 
  90. ^ "Diesel Engine School Bus Retrofit Technology Workshop, Baltimore, MD, April 29, 2004". Maryland Department of the Environment. http://www.mde.state.md.us/Programs/AirPrograms/Mobile_Sources/dieselemmiscontrolprog/workshop/participants/index.asp. Retrieved 2007-08-31. 
  91. ^ "$12 Million from Caterpillar Inc. to The Nature Conservancy Launches Ambitious Global Freshwater River Project and Establishes a Great Rivers Center". The Nature Conservancy. Archived from the original on December 14, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061214212639/http://www.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/states/illinois/press/press1737.html. Retrieved 2007-08-31. 
  92. ^ "WBCSD member companies". World Business Council for Sustainable Development. 2007-08-03. Archived from the original on July 13, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070713083927/http://www.wbcsd.org/web/about/members.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-04. 
  93. ^ "Dow Jones Sustainability World Index Recognizes Caterpillar's Leadership for the Fifth Consecutive Year.". PRNewswire. 2005-09-21. http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/summary_0199-4719013_ITM. Retrieved 2007-08-31. 
  94. ^ "Six Diesel Engine Companies". Clean Air Villain of the Month. Clean Air Trust. 2000-08-01. http://www.cleanairtrust.org/villain.0800.html. Retrieved 2007-08-05. 
  95. ^ "Justice Department Announces FY2003 Record Year For Recovery Of Civil Penalties In Environmental Cases". United States Department of Justice. 2003-12-16. http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2003/December/03_enrd_694.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-05. 
  96. ^ Caterpillar digs in on Israeli bulldozer battle Chicago Sun-Times, June 15, 2006 by David Roeder
  97. ^ Caterpillar faces an intifada. Salon.com May 13, 2004
  98. ^ University of Wisconsin System Trust Funds. Caterpillar and Human Rights in Israel December 2004
  99. ^ a b Gerstein, Josh (2007-09-18). "Caterpillar Escapes Liability For Israeli Bulldozer Operations". The New York Sun. TWO SL LLC. Archived from the original on 2010-09-19. http://www.webcitation.org/5ssGolJUU. Retrieved 2010-09-19. "An Israeli government investigation found that the bulldozer team was clearing debris on an anti-smuggling mission, not destroying homes, and that the operator did not see Corrie." 
  100. ^ Tanner, Adam (2007-09-17). "Court dismisses suit over Israeli bulldozing". reuters.com (Thomson Reuters). Archived from the original on 2010-09-19. http://www.webcitation.org/5ssGJVQFL. Retrieved 2010-09-19. "The U.S. government paid for the bulldozers, which were transferred to the Israel Defense Forces." 
  101. ^ Federal appeals court panel refuses to reinstate lawsuit by family of U.S. activist killed with an Israeli bulldozer – International Herald Tribune

Further reading

External links